Heroism in Characters of People's Heroes: Spent Symbolic Capital of Yugoslav Nations?
Keywords:
heroism,
People's Heroes of Yugoslavia,
biography,
figures of remembrance,
symbolic capital
Abstract
The socially constructed, institutionally elected People’s heroes of Yugoslavia first linked narratives on World War Two in Yugoslavia into the coherent entirety, and then through later usages they marked the spatial and symbolic world in which the inhabitants of Yugoslavia lived, moved and worked. Dead and living People’s heroes, as bearers of the highest values, represented the symbolic capital that influenced the formation of the collective identities of twenty million Yugoslavs. Through canonized heroic biographies, the paradigmatic patterns and values upon which heroic characters were created are revealed. The paper considers the heroism of those People’s heroes as a symbolic capital inherited by the Yugoslav nations. The aim was to determine the structure of this heroic model and to discover the similarities and differences between the universal heroic values, the heroic paradigm of Homo Dinaricus and the heroism of socialist national heroes. As exponents of the heroic relevancy of the historical moment, national heroes discover the empirical and ontological side of their heroism.
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References
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Nikolić, Kosta. 2015. Mit o partizanskom jugoslovenstvu. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
Nora, Pierre. 1989. “Between memory and history: Les Lieux de Memoire”. Representations, No. 26, Special issue: Memory and counter-memory (Spring), 7-24.
Pavlović, Momčilo. 2009. Dokumenti CIA o Jugoslaviji: 1948-1983. Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju.
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Pletenac, Tomislav. 2014. “From conviction to heroism: The case of a Croatian war general”. Traditiones 43 (1): 111-123. DOI 10.3986/TRADITIO2014430108
Popović, Jovo. 1976. Kazivanja dr Vladimira Bakarića: To su bila čudesna vremena, dani herojstva. Zagreb: Vjesnik.
Rudež, Stojan. 1987. Odlikovanja SFRJ. Beograd: Službeni list.
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Stevanović, Lada. 2008. “Human or superhuman: the Concept of Hero in Ancient Greek Religion and/in Politics”. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU 56 (2): 7-22.
Subotić, Milan. 2011. „(De) konstrukcija mita o heroju: slučaj Pavlika Morozova“. Teme: časopis za društvene nauke 35 (4): 1693-1713. Niš: Univezitet u Nišu.
Turner, Victor. 1983. Od rituala do teatra. Zagreb: August Cesarec.
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Vukas Lugarić, Danijela. 2014. „Boško Buha i Pavlik Morozov: novi (jugoslavenski/sovjetski) čovjek u tijelu male-noga dječaka“. Narodna umjetnost 51 (2): 133–154. DOI: 10.15176/vol51no207
Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Vol. 1, New York: Bedminster Press, 215.
„Apoteoza“. 1966. Enciklopedija Leksikografskog zavoda. I. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod.
Asman, Alaida. 2011. Duga senka prošlosti: kultura sećanja i politika prošlosti. Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek.
Assmann, Jan. 2005. Kulturno pamćenje: pismo, sećanje i politički identitet u ranim visokim kulturama. Zenica: Vrijeme.
Banović, Branko. 2011. „(Ne)mogućnost istraživanja tradicionalnog crnogorskog maskuliniteta”. Antropologija 11 (1): 161-180. http://www.anthroserbia.org/Journals/Article/876
Becker, Ernest. 1975. The denial of death. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.
Belaj, Marijana, Nevenka Škrbić Alempijević. 2014. “Remmembering ‘The father of the contemporary state of Croa-tia’”. Traditiones 43 (1): 79-109. DOI 10.3986/TRADITIO2014430107
Bilten glavnog štaba narodno–oslobodilačkih partizanskih odreda Jugoslavije, broj 1, 10.08.1941. U: Zbornik dokume-nata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu Jugoslovenskih naroda, Tom II, Beograd 1949, str. 14.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. Što znači govoriti: Ekonomija jezičnih razmjena. Zagreb: Naprijed.
Cvijić, Jovan. 2006. Psihičke osobine južnih Slovena. Beograd: Srpska književna zadruga.
Čolović, Ivan. 2000. Bordel ratnika: folklor, politika i rat. Beograd: Biblioteka XX vek.
Dedijer, Vladimir J. 1983. „O partizanskom samožrtvovanju i herojskom samoubistvu“. Glas Srpske akademije nauka i umetnosti, Odeljenje istorijskih nauka, knj. 3, 219-281.
Dvorniković, Vladimir. 1939. Karakterologija Jugoslovena. Beograd: Kosmos.
Evola, Julius. 2011. Metaphysics of war, battle, wictory and death in the world of tradition. Arktos media.
Fikfak, Jurij. 2014. “Leaders and heroes of the nation”. Traditiones 43 (1): 7-11. DOI: 10.3986/traditio2014430101
Fryе, Northrop. 1991. Mit i struktura. Sarajevo: Svjetlost.
Gezeman, Gerhard. 1968. Čojstvo i junaštvo starih crnogoraca. Cetinje: Obod.
Gezeman, Gerhard. 2003. Crnogorski čovjek. Podgorica: CID.
Hughes-Hallett, Lucy. 2004. Heroes: A history of hero worship. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
Ignjatovic, Aleksandar. 2010. “From constructed memory to imagined national tradition: the tomb of the unknown Yugoslav soldier (1934–38)”. The Slavonic and East European Review 88 (4): 624–651.
Jauss, H.R., Bennett, B., Bennett, H. 1974. “Levels of identification of hero and audience”. New literatture history 5 (2): 283–317. DOI: 10.2307/468397
Klapp, Orrin E. 1948. “The Creation of Popular Heroes”. The American Journal of Sociology 54 (2): 135–141. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2771362
Klapp, Orrin E. 1954. “Heroes, villains and fools, as agents of social control”. American sociological review19 (1): 56-62. DOI:10.2307/2088173
Klapp, Orrin E. 1962. Heroes, Villains, and Fools: The Changing American Character. Prentice–Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Kovačević, Ivan. 1980. „Etnološka proučavanja psihičkih pojava”. Etnološke sveske, br. 2, 23-34.
Kovačević, Ivan. 2016. „Cvijićevi etnopsihički tipovi – od stereotipa do kulturnog obrasca”. U Jovan Cvjić i srpska etnologija i antropologija, uredili Matić i sar., 81-91, Beograd.
Kuljić, Todor. 2008. „Istorijske, političke i herojske generacije: nacrt okvira i primena”. Filozofija i društvo, br. 1, 69-107. DOI: 10.2298/FID0801069K
Lučić-Todosić, Ivana. 2015. „Genealogija ‘narodnog heroja’, određivanje okvira za istraživanje herojskog lika unutar kategorije ‘zvanja’ i ‘ordena’ kao koda vremena”. Antropologija 15 (3): 139-155. http://www.anthroserbia.org/Journals/Article/1987
Makolkin, Ana. 2000. Anatomy of Heroism. New York, Ottawa, Toronto: Legas.
Miller, Dean. 2000. The epic hero. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Mosse, George. 1991. Fallen soldiers: Reshaping the memory of the world wars. New York, Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press.
Nikolić, Kosta. 2015. Mit o partizanskom jugoslovenstvu. Beograd: Zavod za udžbenike.
Nora, Pierre. 1989. “Between memory and history: Les Lieux de Memoire”. Representations, No. 26, Special issue: Memory and counter-memory (Spring), 7-24.
Pavlović, Momčilo. 2009. Dokumenti CIA o Jugoslaviji: 1948-1983. Beograd: Institut za savremenu istoriju.
Pavlović, Stevan K. 2009. Hitlerov novi antiporedak: Drugi svetski rat u Jugoslaviji. Beograd: Clio.
Petrović, Ljubomir. 2001. „Narodni heroji u Jugoslovenskom društvu 1942–1980. godine”. Vojno-istorijski glasnik, br. 1/2, 123-134.
Petrović Slobodan ( ur.). 1957. Zbornik narodnih heroja Jugoslavije. Beograd: Omladina.
Pišev, Marko. 2010. „Ko je ko u Kraljevini SHS: Formalna analiza Cvijićeve rasprave o jedinstvu južnih Slovena”. Etnoantropološki problemi 5 (2): 55-79. https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v5i2.3
Pletenac, Tomislav. 2014. “From conviction to heroism: The case of a Croatian war general”. Traditiones 43 (1): 111-123. DOI 10.3986/TRADITIO2014430108
Popović, Jovo. 1976. Kazivanja dr Vladimira Bakarića: To su bila čudesna vremena, dani herojstva. Zagreb: Vjesnik.
Rudež, Stojan. 1987. Odlikovanja SFRJ. Beograd: Službeni list.
Smith, Anthony D. 2003. Chosen peoples: sacred sources of national identity. New York: Oxford university press.
Stevanović, Lada. 2008. “Human or superhuman: the Concept of Hero in Ancient Greek Religion and/in Politics”. Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU 56 (2): 7-22.
Subotić, Milan. 2011. „(De) konstrukcija mita o heroju: slučaj Pavlika Morozova“. Teme: časopis za društvene nauke 35 (4): 1693-1713. Niš: Univezitet u Nišu.
Turner, Victor. 1983. Od rituala do teatra. Zagreb: August Cesarec.
Vlahović, Petar. 2008. „Dinarski tip i njegovi varijeteti u Crnoj Gori“. Glasnik Antropološkog društva Srbije 43, 7-14.
Vukas Lugarić, Danijela. 2014. „Boško Buha i Pavlik Morozov: novi (jugoslavenski/sovjetski) čovjek u tijelu male-noga dječaka“. Narodna umjetnost 51 (2): 133–154. DOI: 10.15176/vol51no207
Weber, Max. 1968. Economy and society: an outline of interpretive sociology. Vol. 1, New York: Bedminster Press, 215.
Published
2020-01-05
How to Cite
Lučić Todosić, Ivana. 2020. “Heroism in Characters of People’s Heroes: Spent Symbolic Capital of Yugoslav Nations?”. Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology 14 (4), 1221–1246. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v14i4.8.
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