Exploring the Socio-Technical Imaginary of Artificial General Intelligence in The Bard Large Language Model: A Narrative Analysis on Perspectives and Dialectics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v19i2.14Keywords:
Bard large language model, Artificial General Intelligence, socio-technical imaginary, narrative analysis, ChatGPTAbstract
The 2022 release of ChatGPT sparked widespread discussions on Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Through a detailed examination of an interview with Bard, a large language model, the study uncovers narratives of optimism and pessimism regarding AGI's future implications. It found a higher leaning towards optimism about AGI's potential effects, extending from education, arts, and relationships, to economy and space exploration. Conversely, pessimistic views pointed out potential downsides, such as unemployment, political instability, and media manipulation. The study also identified four primary AGI themes - the relationship between humans and AGI, AGI acquiring a physical form, AGI simulating a universe, and the responsible utilization of AGI. These insights aid in understanding the complex socio-technical imaginary surrounding AGI. The study has its limitations as it is based solely on the responses provided by Bard during its test phase. Additional research may reveal changes in AGI discourse representation as the model evolves.
Downloads
References
Abdulhai, Marwa, Clement Crepy, Daria Valter, John Canny, and Natasha Jaques (2023). Moral Foundations of Large Language Models. AAAI 2023 Workshop on Representation Learning for Responsible Human-Centric AI. https://r2hcai.github.io/AAAI-23/files/CameraReadys/49.pdf
AGI (2023, May 15). Google N-Graph or AGI. Google Trends. https://trends.google.com/trends/explore/TIMESERIES/1684023600?hl=en-US&tz=-120&date=2022-04-14+2023-05-14&hl=en&q=AGI&sni=3
AI (2023, May 15). Google N-Graph or AI. Google Trends. https://trends.google.com/trends/explore/TIMESERIES?date=2022-04-14%202023-05-14&q=AI&hl=en&hl=en-US&sni=4
Ananthaswamy, Anil (2020, October 13). Do we live in a simulation? Chances are about 50–50. Scientific American. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-we-live-in-a-simulation-chances-are-about-50-50/
Armstrong, Stuart (2014). Smarter Than Us: The Rise of Machine Intelligence. Machine Intelligence Research Institute.
Bard (2023, March 21). Meet Bard: your creative and helpful collaborator, here to supercharge your imagination, boost your productivity, and bring your ideas to life. Google. https://bard.google.com
Bard Analysis (2023, May 12). Bart's Socio-Technical Imaginary of AGI – Analysis of Bard’s answers. Bard. https://osf.io/fx46k/files/osfstorage/6467cf25a094a500ae5c707c
Bard Answers (2023, April 15). Bart's Socio-Technical Imaginary of AGI - Document containing all three versions of Bart’s answers. Bard. https://osf.io/fx46k/files/osfstorage/6467cf33a094a500b15c7018
Bard Video (2023, April 15). Bart's Socio-Technical Imaginary of AGI -Video recording of an interview with Bard on AGI. Bard. https://osf.io/fx46k/files/osfstorage/6467d5215a109800e225ae56
Barrat, James (2013). Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era. Thomas Dunne Books.
Bessen, James (2019). AI and Jobs: The Role of Demand. NBER Working Paper No. 24235. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w24235
Bijker, Wiebe E., Thomas Parke Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Eds.). (1987). The social construction of technological systems: New directions in the sociology and history of technology. MIT Press.
Bojic, Ljubisa (2022). Metaverse through the prism of power and addiction: what will happen when the virtual world becomes more attractive than reality?. European Journal of Futures Research, 10(22). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-022-00208-4
Bojic, Ljubisa (2024). AI alignment: Assessing the global impact of recommender systems. Futures, 160, 103383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103383
Bojic, Ljubisa, Milos Agatonovic and Jelena Guga (2024). The Immersion in the Metaverse: Cognitive Load and Addiction. In: Geroimenko, V. (eds) Augmented and Virtual Reality in the Metaverse. Springer Series on Cultural Computing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57746-8_11
Bostrom, Nick (2003). Are you living in a computer simulation? Philosophical Quarterly, 53(211), 243-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9213.00309
Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford University Press.
Bolukbasi, Tolga, Kai-Wei Chang, James Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama and Adam Kalai (2016). Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? Debiasing word embeddings. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 29, 4349-4357.
Boyce, Carolyn, and Palena Neale (2006). Conducting in-depth interviews: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interviews for evaluation input. Pathfinder International. Retrieved from https://www2.pathfinder.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_interviews.pdf
Bridle, James (2018). New dark age: Technology and the end of the future. Verso.
Brooks, Rodney (1999). Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI. MIT Press.
Brynjolfsson, Erik and Andrew McAfee (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. W. W. Norton & Company.
Chace, Calum (2015). Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence. Three Cs.
Chalmers, David (2010). The character of consciousness. Oxford University Press.
Charmaz, Kathy (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Publications.
Deutsch, David (2011). The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World. Viking.
Devlin, Jacob, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova (2019). BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.04805.
Diamandis, Peter and Steven Kotler (2012). Abundance: The Future is Better Than You Think. Free Press.
DiCicco-Bloom, Barbara and Benjamin F Crabtree (2006). The qualitative research interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321.
Dickinson, Kelsie (2022, December 7). Who owns OpenAI ChatGPT and when did it launch? HITC. https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2022/12/07/who-owns-openai-chatgpt-and-when-did-it-launch/
Felt, Ulrike, Rayvon Fouché, Clark A. Miller and Laurel Smith-Doerr (Eds.). (2017). The handbook of science and technology studies. MIT Press.
Ford, Martin (2015). Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future. Basic Books.
Ford, Martin (2018). Architects of Intelligence: The Truth About AI from the People Building It. Packt Publishing.
Future of Life Institute. (2017, August 11). Asilomar AI Principles. https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/
Future (2023, March 22). Pause Giant AI Experiments: An Open Letter. Future of Life Institute. https://futureoflife.org/open-letter/pause-giant-ai-experiments/
Geertz, Clifford (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. Selected Essays by Clifford Geertz. New York: Basic Books. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01005.0001.001
Goertzel, Ben and Cassio Pennachin (Eds.). (2007). Artificial General Intelligence (Cognitive Technologies). Springer.
Goodfellow, Ian, Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press.
Greene, Brian (2004). The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality. Knopf.
Harari, Yuval Noah (2015). Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow. Harper.
Hartmann, Jochen, Jasper Schwenzow, and Maximilian Witte (2023). The political ideology of conversational AI: Converging evidence on ChatGPT’s pro-environmental, left-libertarian orientation (arXiv:2301.01768). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2301.01768
Heaven, Will Douglas (2023, March 21). Google just launched Bard, its answer to ChatGPT—and it wants you to make it better. MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/21/1070111/google-bard-chatgpt-openai-microsoft-bing-search/
Hochreiter, Sepp and Jürgen Schmidhuber (1997). Long Short-Term Memory. Neural Computation, 9(8), 1735-1780.
Jasanoff, Sheila (2015). Future imperfect: Science, technology, and the imagination of modernity. In: Sheila Jasanoff and Sang-Hyun Kim (eds) Dreamscapes of Modernity: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and the Fabrication of Power. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226276663.001.0001
Jasanoff, Sheila and Sang-Hyun Kim (2009). Containing the Atom: Sociotechnical Imaginaries and Nuclear Power in the United States and South Korea. Minerva, 47(2), 119-146.
Jobin, Anna, Marcello Ienca and Effy Vayena (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
Kelly, Kevin (2016). The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future. Viking.
King, Michael (2023). GPT-4 aligns with the New Liberal Party, while other large language models refuse to answer political questions [Preprint]. https://doi.org/10.31224/2974
Kurzweil, Ray (1999). The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence. Viking.
Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology. Viking Press.
Kvale, Steinar (1996). InterViews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Sage Publications.
Lanier, Jaron (2013). Who Owns the Future? Simon & Schuster.
Latour, Bruno (2005). Reassembling the social: An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press.
Law, John and John Hassard (Eds.). (1999). Actor network theory and after. Wiley-Blackwell.
Lloyd, Seth (2006). Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos. Knopf.
MacKenzie, Donald and Judy Wajcman (Eds.). (1999). The social shaping of technology. Open University Press.
McGee, Robert W. (2023). Capitalism, socialism and chatgpt. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4369953
Mikolov, Tomas, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S. Corrado and Jeff Dean (2013). Distributed Representations of Words and Phrases and their Compositionality. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 26 (pp. 3111-3119).
Müller, Vincent C. (Ed.). (2016). Risks of Artificial Intelligence. CRC Press.
Murphy, Robin (2000). Introduction to AI Robotics. MIT Press.
Nilsson, Nils John (1998). Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
Pfeifer, Rolf and Josh Bongard (2006). How the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence. MIT Press.
Powell, Corey S. (2018, October 3). Elon Musk says we may live in a simulation. Here's how we might tell if he's right. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-simulation-hypothesis-why-some-think-life-simulated-reality-ncna913926
Radford, Alec, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans and Ilya Sutskever (2018). Improving Language Understanding by Generative Pre-Training. OpenAI. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/openai-assets/research-covers/language-unsupervised/language_understanding_paper.pdf
Raskin, Aza (2023, March 9). The A.I. Dilemma - Tristan Harris & Aza Raskin - Center for Humane Technology - March 9, 2023. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bhYw-VlkXTU
Rubin, Herbert J. and Irene Rubin (2011). Qualitative interviewing: The art of hearing data. Sage Publications.
Russell, Stuart (2019). Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. Viking.
Russell, Stuart, Daniel Dewey, Max Tegmark (2015). Research priorities for robust and beneficial artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 36(4), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v36i4.2577
Rutinowski, Jérôme, Sven Franke, Jan, Endendyk, Ina Dormuth, Moritz Roidl and Markus Pauly (2024). The self-perception and political biases of chatgpt. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2024, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/7115633
Samala, Agariadne Dwinggo, Usmeldi, Taali, Ambiyar, Ljubisa Bojic, Yose Indarta, Dana Tsoy, Mouna Denden, Nurullah Tas and Ika Parma Dewi (2023). Metaverse Technologies in Education: A Systematic Literature Review Using PRISMA. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 18(5), 231–252. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v18i05.35501
Samala, Agariadne Dwinggo, Terence Govender, Dana Tsoy, Ljubisa Bojic, Abelriadne Gentarefori Samala, Melurqeybya Putisaylane Samala, Febri Prasetya, Doni Tri Putra Yanto, Rahadian Zainul and Aprilla Fortuna (2024). 3d visualizations in learning: An evaluation of an AR+core application for computer hardware education using the hedonic motivation system adoption model. TEM Journal, 466–475. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM131-48
Schiølin, Kasper (2020). Revolutionary dreams: Future essentialism and the sociotechnical imaginary of the fourth industrial revolution in Denmark. Social Studies of Science, 50(4), 542–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312719867768
Schwab, Klaus (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. What it means and how to respond. In: Rose G. (ed.) The Fourth Industrial Revolution: A Davos Reader. New York: Foreign Affairs. https://www.weforum.org/about/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-by-klaus-schwab
Seidman, Irving (2013). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences. Teachers College Press.
Siciliano, Bruno and Oussama Khatib (Eds.). (2008). Springer Handbook of Robotics. Springer.
Simmons, Gabriel (2023). Moral mimicry: Large language models produce moral rationalizations tailored to political identity (arXiv:2209.12106). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2209.12106
Sotala, Kaj and Roman V. Yampolskiy (2015). Responses to catastrophic AGI risk: a survey. Physica Scripta, 90(1), 018001. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/018001
Tegmark, Max (2014). Our Mathematical Universe: My Quest for the Ultimate Nature of Reality. Knopf.
Tegmark, Max (2017). Life 3.0: Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. Knopf.
Thrun, Sebastian, Wolfram Burgard and Dieter Fox (2005). Probabilistic Robotics. MIT Press.
Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin (2017). Attention Is All You Need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (pp. 5998-6008).
Vinge, Vernor (1993). The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era. Vision-21 Symposium.
Wallach, Wendell and Colin Allen (2009). Moral Machines: Teaching Robots Right from Wrong. Oxford University Press.
Winner, Langon (1998). Prophets of inevitability. MIT Technology Review, 101(2): 62. https://www.technologyreview.com/1998/03/01/237058/prophets-of-inevitability/
Wu, Patrick Y., Jonathan Nagler, Joshua A. Tucker, and Solomon Messing (2023). Large language models can be used to estimate the latent positions of politicians (arXiv:2303.12057). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.12057
Zhao, Jieyu, Tianlu Wang, Mark Yatskar, Vicente Ordonez and Kai-Wei Chang (2017). Men also like shopping: Reducing gender bias amplification using corpus-level constraints. Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2979-2989.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
ERIH PLUS - European Reference Index for the Humanities
World Cat
AnthroSerbia
