Datation et processus culturels: le potentiel interprétatif et la scientificité
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v18i3.1Mots-clés :
datation absolue, datation relative, typologie, processus culturels, interprétationRésumé
Depuis l’émergence de l’archéologie comme discipline, le contrôle du temps, c’est-à-dire le positionnement de certainsphénomènes dans un cadre temporel, a toujours constitué le fondement de toute recherche. Malgré les critiques adressées au concept dutemps en archéologie considéré comme limité et linéaire, il demeure dominant. En devenant de plus en plus précises et disponibles, lesméthodes abso- lues de datation sont largement appliquées, et par conséquent, pratiquement chaque article, quel que soit son sujet,présente largement les résultats de datation de nom- breux échantillons. En même temps, les méthodes de datation relative ne perdentpas de leur importance, de sorte que les considérations de typologie continuent de représenter la procédure méthodologique de base quidétermine culturellement et temporellement les trouvailles archéologiques. Pourtant, les questions scientifiques sur le passé, de l’autrecôté, deviennent de plus en plus complexes. De nombreux processus (pouvant être de longue durée ou des épisodes relativement courts)sont inextricablement liés à la datation, mais il n’est pas toujours clair comment elle contribue à leur compréhension complète. Se distinguent surtout les processus d’innovation technologique et les processus de transmission culturelle qui peuvent être limités nonseulement par le temps, mais aussi par l’espace. C’est pourquoi il faut reconsidérer le point de vue presque universellement acceptéselon lequel les méthodes de datation possèdent un potentiel interprétatif, et, à cet égard, si elles sont toujours cruciales pourcomprendre les mécanismes des processus culturels. En d’autres termes, si les résultats de datation donnent l’illusion de scientificité entant que substitut à la faiblesse dans l’interprétation.
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