Perspective de la matérialité dans l’héritage archéologique
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v16i3.1Mots-clés :
héritage archéologique, matérialité, gestion archéologique, conservation, valeurs, pratiques collaborativesRésumé
La communauté professionnelle plus vaste rassemblée autour du concept d’héritage archéologique est catégoriquement unanime en ce qui concerne l’importance de conserver les traces matérielles pour rechercher, former ou présenter des générations présentes et postérieures. Cependant, les changements climatiques, la pollution, les tremblements de terre, l’urbanisation intensive et les autres perturbations présentent en grande partie la source du risque pour les restes archéologiques se trouvant dans l’environnement original. En plus, l’évidence archéologique peut apparaître sous forme de restes squelettiques, peintures rupestres, paysages ou du négatif d’un objet manquant, c’est-à-dire du matériel. Les restes archéologiques peuvent être aussi des trouvailles sous-marines, monuments en pierre, traces archéobotaniques, forteresses ou sanctuaires en bois. Pour survivre jusqu’à présent, chaque des exemples cités comprend les conditions environnementales différentes, le traitement des restes matériels et la conservation dans la période après les fouilles. Enfin, tous les artéfacts et les écofacts mentionnés prennent une place différente dans le contexte contemporain.
Ayant en vue la diversité des situations et des formes d’apparition des trouvailles archéologiques et des restes matériels, il est nécessaire d’étudier ce qui est, dans les circonstances de changements rapides et intensifs, considéré comme héritage archéologique et comme restes matériels du passé. La perspective de Bruno Latour sur le rôle des actants différents, des participants vivants et non-vivants dans les processus sociaux présente la base théorique du travail. A cet égard, des objets, c’est-à-dire des artefacts et des écofacts, des biens culturels font partie de processus différents de négociations et de transformation de l’environnement où ils se situent. Ils peuvent également influencer, inciter, arrêter ou changer des processus.
Pour répondre à ce dilemme, ce travail examine la notion des matérialités archéologiques au croisement des perspectives conservatoires et archéologiques. On défend l’idée que les réponses et l’inspiration pour confronter des problèmes actuels de l’environnement immédiat quant à la conservation des restes archéologiques in situ, peuvent être trouvées dans la compréhension plus vaste de la matérialité. Il s’agit de la matérialité comme guide et source de connaissances spécifiques pouvant apporter de nouveaux aperçus théoriques.
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