Études de céramique et archéométrie : entre analyses de sciences naturelles et interprétation archéologique
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/EAP.V12I3.1Mots-clés :
archéométrie, céramique, histoire de la discipline, interprétation archéologiqueRésumé
L’analyse des relations entre études de céramique et l’application des sciences naturelles en archéologie nous pousse à étudier l’importance que les études de céramique ont eues dans l’histoire de l’archéologie en tant que discipline, et plus particulièrement les différences d’approche en termes de culture matérielle entre les chercheurs européens et américains. Après de timides tentatives au début du XIXème siècle, il a fallu attendre les premières décennies du XXème siècle pour que les analyses pétrographiques soient appliquées en céramologie en tant que discipline scientifique, grâce notamment au travail d’Anna Shepard, qui est à l’origine de la première conférence sur la technologie de la céramique, organisée en 1938. En outre, le fait que l’introduction de la céramologie, en tant que discipline qui souligne l’importance de l’anthropologie sociale et de l’application des sciences naturelles, précède le développement de l’archéologie processuelle, a sans doute marqué encore davantage l’archéologie.
Par ailleurs, il faut également prendre en considération les tensions qui existent et qui sont nées des différences d’approche dans la manière d’appréhender la céramique, et qui sont le reflet d’une polarisation de l’archéologie dans son ensemble, à savoir une séparation entre celle s’appuyant sur les sciences naturelles et celle considérant la culture matérielle comme le fruit de processus culturels. L’archéométrie est largement appliquée en céramologie, principalement afin d’identifier la composition de la masse, l’origine des matières premières, les techniques de cuisson et de nombreux autres aspects résultant de différentes pratiques culturelles. Le concept de "choix technologiques" qui part du principe que chaque activité est la conséquence de relations sociales spécifiques, influençant l’artisan céramiste dans son choix entre plusieurs possibilités techniques en fonction des normes sociales existantes, a peut-être paradoxalement, le plus marqué les chercheurs penchant en faveur des sciences naturelles. D’autre part, les études ethnoarchéologiques relativisent en quelque sorte les résultats "rigides" et catégoriques des sciences naturelles, et penchent plutôt en faveur du style technologique puisqu’elles servent à analyser l’influence des normes sociales sur les traditions technologiques. Le concept de biomarqueurs archéologiques, à savoir l’étude des résidus de matière organique sur les parois des poteries en céramique, révèle entre autres, les différences entre l’archéologie européenne orientée vers la science, et l’archéologie américaine, dominée par la dimension anthropologique dans les recherches qui sont menées, sachant que la céramique ne représente pas uniquement une source d’informations mais également un objet d’études.
Une autre difficulté caractéristique de la céramologie est la profonde incompréhension entre les archéologues et les experts en sciences naturelles, et celle-ci est présente dans notre pays également. Nous sommes toujours confrontés à une méconnaissance en termes d’utilisation des techniques analytiques, sachant par ailleurs que les recherches sont principalement menées par des experts en sciences naturelles, résultant en des études univoques et multidisciplinaires, et que très rarement interdisciplinaires. Bien que les sciences naturelles offrent des possibilités remarquables, le recours à celles-ci pour étudier le passé ne s’est pas montré infaillible, et a en tant que tel fait l’objet de critiques, notamment dans le domaine de l’étude de l’origine des matières premières et de l’identification des résidus de matières organiques sur les poteries en céramique. Une approche interdisciplinaire devrait être considérée comme un avantage pour l’archéologie, étant donné que les études de céramiques ont pour objectif une meilleure compréhension des humains et des phénomènes du passé, et que l’archéologue est chargé de l’interprétation finale. C’est la raison pour laquelle il doit parfaitement connaître les tenants et les aboutissants des techniques analytiques, et être en mesure de définir un cadre théorique, ainsi que de formuler des questions et des hypothèses pertinentes en relation avec l’objet de ses recherches.
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