Technologie féminine: identité des maîtres-potiers du néolithique
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v8i1.14Mots-clés :
poterie, femme, ethnoarchéologie, anthropologie, néolithiqueRésumé
Lorsque l’on prend pour l’objet de recherche la céramique du néolithique, le chercheur semble au premier abord complètement impuissant d’élucider certains aspects sociaux de la fabrication de la céramique. Lors des fouilles archéologiques, les maîtres sont toujours „invisibles“, alors que l’identité des artisans est d’une importance capitale pour la reconstruction des rapports sociaux. C’est pourquoi, si nous désirons identifier le sexe et la condition des maîtres à des périodes plus lointaines de la pré-histoire, nous devons nous tourner vers des recherches ethnoarchéologiques et anthropologiques.
Une série d’études anthropologiques et ethnoarchéologiques confirment la conclusion que dans les sociétés non industrialisées la poterie peut être considérée comme un métier féminin. Toutefois, il semble que la répartition sommaire de la production selon le sexe à une production non-spécialisée – féminine, et une autre, spécialisée – masculine, soit trop simplifiée. Les femmes, d’après ce point de vue, ne fabriquent de la céramique que dans les moments où elles n’ont pas d’obligations liées à des travaux agricoles ou à des tâches ménagères quotidiennes, et elles produisent exclusivement pour les besoins de leur propre ménage. Les recherches ethnoarchéologiques démontrent cependant que les femmes peuvent aussi être des artisans spécialisés. La spécialisation des femmes peut être suivie sous trois aspects: 1. Dans des communautés où certains ménages uniquement fabriquent de la céramique, 2. Dans des communautés spécialisées et 3. Dans des communautés où les potières appartiennent à des groupes sociaux particuliers.
En s’appuyant sur les recherches anthropologiques, nous pouvons dire que l’adoption de la céramique est directement liée à la répartition des rôles selon le sexe dans les activités quotidiennes. Les croyances, les rituels et les tabous liés à la fabrication de la poterie connus des sources ethnologiques, dans lesquels la fabrication de la céramique est associée à la succession des cycles de vie, la naissance et la mort, viennent corroborer l’identité des maîtres-potiers dans les communautés de céramique les plus anciennes.
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