Kritički pregled osnovnih teorijskih perspektiva o teorijama zavere i neki istorijski primeri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v20i1.4Ključne reči:
teorije zavere, antropologija, istorija, antropologija (sa)znanjaApstrakt
Savremene akademske publikacije o teorijama zavere vrlo često počinju konstatacijom da su teorije zavere društveno i anatički relevantan fenomen koji ne treba tražiti na društvenoj margini. Naprotiv, one su svuda, čini se da bujaju i da su prodrle u jezgro društvenog života – od popularne kulture do populističke politike. Naučnici skloni kontekstualističkim objašnjenjima uzroka društvenih pojava su se, u objašnjenju rasprostiranja teorija zavere, pozivali na najsvežije „doba“ - doba postistine u kom je dodatno gorivo širenju ovih teorija doprinela pandemija korone i njeno infodemično naličje. Drugi su uzroke tražili u labavo određenim: društvu rizika, fluidnoj modernosti, visokoj modernosti, itd. Treći idu korak dalje u prošlost i krive najočiglednijeg dežurnog krivca – postmodernizam. U prethodnim slučajevima, reč je mahom o krizama epistemičkog legitimiteta. Četvrti kažu da za kontekst nastanka treba uzeti Hladni rat, peti da to treba da bude II svetski rat. Šesti izvode korelacije i prave statističke proračune koji bi nam nešto rekli o tome koliko-i-koliko-kojih-i-kakvih ljudi veruje u X. Ono oko čega je u najvećoj meri uspostavljen konsenzus jeste stanovište da se proliferacija teorija zavera odvija tokom perioda kriza. Ovakva konstatacija prija antropološkom teorijsko-metodološkom aparatu koji je kalibriran tako da u krizama vidi liminalnosti i antistrukture koje ogoljuju epistemičke strukture, implicitno znanje, odnose moći itd. Međutim, da bismo znali šta je to što smeštamo u relevantan kontekst ili koja je relevantna korelacija a šta rezultat statistike, znači, trebalo bi da razumemo šta je to što proučavamo i zašto ga proučavamo na jedan a ne na neki drugi način. Dakle, iako može delovati suvoparno, u ovom istraživanju smo se posvetili određenjima teorija zavere jer smatramo nužnim da adekvatno postavimo problemsku situaciju, da izbegnemo konceptualu neodređenost i nesamerljivost. Jasno određena problemska situacija onemogućava da se porede babe i žabe širom društava i tokom istorije. Utoliko, jedan antropolog i jedan istoričar su nastojali da pokažu da istorija može pomoći antropologiji tako što će baciti svetlo na njena organičenja i proširiti joj pristup; antropolog može da pomogne istoriji da se uzdrži od potencijalnog „otkrivanja“ teorija zavere iza svake krize, političkog nemira ili velikog istorijskog događaja.
##plugins.generic.usageStats.downloads##
Reference
Astapova, Anastasiya, Onoriu Colăcel, Corneliu Pintilescu and Tamás Scheibner. 2019. Introduction to Conspiracy Theories in Eastern Europe: Tropes and Trends, edited by Anastasiya Astapova, Onoriu Colăcel, Corneliu Pintilescu, and Tamás Scheibner, 1-26. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Bajford, Jovan. 2006. Teorija zavere: Srbija protiv "novog svetskog poretka". Beograd: Beogradski centar za ljudska prava.
Basham, Lee. 2006. “Living with the Conspiracy”. In Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate, edited by David Coady, 61-76. Aldershot, England; Burlington, USA: Ashgate.
Birchall, Clare. 2006. Knowledge Goes Pop: From Conspiracy Theory to Gossip. Oxford, New York: Berg.
Blanuša, Nebojša. 2020. “Conspiracy Theories In and About the Balkans”. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, edited by Michael Butter and Peter Knight, 596-609. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group:
Blanuša, Nebojša, Ognjan Denkovski, Kristijan Fidanovski and Biljana Gjoneska. 2021. “EU-Related Conspiracy Theories in the Western Balkans: Gravitating Between Rejecting and Embracing Europe through Eurovilification and Eurofundamentalism”. In Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe, edited by Önnerfors Andreas and André Krouwel, 185-213. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Bratich, Jack Z. 2008. Conspiracy Panics: Political Rationality and Popular Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Butter, Michael and Peter Knight. 2020. “General Introduction”. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, edited by Michael Butter and Peter Knight, 1-8. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Butter, Michael. 2024. Introduction to Populism and Conspiracy Theory: Case Studies and Theoretical Perepectives, edited by Michael Butter, Katerina Hatzikidi, Constanze Jeitler, Giacomo Loperfido and Lili Turza, 1-11. New York: Routledge.
Byford, Jovan. 2011. Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction. Houndmills, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Clark, Peter. 1995. “Popper on Determinism”. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 39: 149–162. 10.1017/s1358246100005476
Coady, David. 2006. „An Introduction to the Philosophical Debate about Conspiracy Theories“. In Conspiracy Theories: The Philosophical Debate, edited by David Coady, 1-11. Aldershot, England; Burlington, USA: Ashgate.
Cubitt. GT. 1989. “Conspiracy Myths and Conspiracy Theories”. Available on: https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:be5caa18-4b2e-4ee0-a933-faef1d675692/files/rrj4305821
D’Ancona, Matthew. 2017. Post-Truth: The New War on Truth and How to Fight Back. London: Ebury Press.
Delimo, Žan. 1982. Strah na zapadu: XIV-XVIII veka: opsednuti grad. Vrnjačka banja: Zamak kulture.
Dentith, Matthew R. X. 2014. The Philosophy of Conspiracy Theories. Houndmills, Hampshire, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Dentith, Matthew R. X. ed. 2018. Taking Conspiracy Theories Seriously. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Diković, Jovana. 2011. “Teorije zavere kao alternativni režimi istine i univerzalni sociokulturni fenomen”. Etnoantropološki problemi 6(2): 333-348. 10.21301/EAP.v6i2.3
Fassin, Didier. 2021. “On Plots and Men: The Heuristics of Conspiracy Theories”. Current Anthropology 62(2): 128-137. 10.1086/713829
Fenster, Mark. 2008. Conspiracy Theories: Secrecy and Power in American Culture. Revised and Updated Edition. Minneapolis, London: University of Minnesota Press.
Fritze, Ronald H. 2022. Hope and Fear: Modern Myths, Conspiracy Theories and Pseudo-History. London: Reaktion Books.
Girard, Pascal. 2020. “Conspiracy Theories in Europe During the Twentieth Century”. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, edited by Michael Butter and Peter Knight, 569-581. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Green, Todd H. 2015. The Fear of Islam: An Introduction to Islamophobia in the West. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Harambam, Jaron and Stef Aupers. 2014. “Contesting Epistemic Authority: Conspiracy Theories on the Boundaries of Science”. Public Understanding of Science 24(4): 466–480. 10.1177/0963662514559891
Harambam, Jaron. 2020. Contemporary Conspiracy Culture. London: Routledge.
Harambam Jaron, Kamille Grusauskaite and Lars de Wildt. 2022. “Poly-Truth, or the Limits of Pluralism: Popular Debates on Conspiracy Theories in a Post-Truth Era”. Public Understanding of Science 31(6): 784-798. 10.1177/09636625221092145.
Keeley, Brian. 1999. “On Conspiracy Theories”. Journal of Philosophy 96(3): 109-126.
Knight, Peter. 2000. Conspiracy Culture. London: Routledge.
Kulenovic, Nina. 2014. „Metodološki individualizam nasuprot metodološkom holizmu“. Etnoantropološki problemi 9(2): 309-333. 10.21301/EAP.v9i2.3
Kulenović, Nina. “Ogled o dobu postistine: prolegomena za razumevanje pandemije Kovid-19”. U Kovid-19 u Srbiji ’20: zbornik radova, uredio Bojan Žikić, 109-125. Beograd: Filozofski fakultet.
Le Goff, Jacques. 1974. Srednjovekovna civilizacija zapadne Evrope: 246 crno-belih reprodukcija, 8 reprodukcija u boji, 71 karta i crtež. Beograd: Jugoslavija.
Le Goff, Jacques. 1992. Medieval Civilization 400–1500. Oxford, UK, Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Lukić, Petar. 2020. „Idući između dve paradigme – sociokulturalni pristup izučavanju teorija zavere“. Sociologija LXII: 193-216. 10.2298/SOC2002193L
Madisson, Mari-Liis and Andreas Ventsel. 2021. Strategic Conspiracy Narratives: A Semiotic Approach. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Oberhauser, Claus. 2020. “Freemasons, Illuminati and Jews: Cospiracy Theories and the French Revolution”. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, edited by Michael Butter and Peter Knight, 555-568. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Önnerfors, Andreas and André Krouwel. 2021. “Between Internal Enemies and External Threats: How Conspiracy Theories Have Shaped Europe”. In Europe: Continent of Conspiracies: Conspiracy Theories in and about Europe, edited by Önnerfors Andreas and André Krouwel, 1-21. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Pagan, Victoria. 2023. “The Bacchanalian Conspiracy From the Paranoid Style to Conspirituality”. In Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories: Comparing and Connecting Old and New Trends, edited by Francesco Piraino, Marco Pasi and Egil Asprem, 15-30. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Petersen, Helge and Hannah Hacker. 2025. “On the Elective Affinity between Post-Marxism, Left-Wing Populism, and Conspiracist Worldviews”. In Populism and Conspiracy Theory. Case Studies and Theoretical Perepectives, edited by Michael Butter, Katerina Hatzikidi, Constanze Jeitler, Giacomo Loperfido and Lili Turza, 261-284. New York: Routledge:
Petrović, Marija. 2019. Sklonost ka duplom mišljenju kao korelat verovanja u teorije zavere: master rad. Beograd: [M. Petrović].
Pigden, Charles. 2007. “Conspiracy Theories and the Conventional Wisdom”. Episteme 4(2): 219-232. 10.3366/epi.2007.4.2.219
Piraino, Francesco, Marco Pasi and Egil Asprem. 2023. “Introduction: Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories”. In Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories: Comparing and Connecting Old and New Trends, edited by Francesco Piraino, Marco Pasi and Egil Asprem, 1-11. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group:
Pišev, Marko i Miloš Milenković. 2013. “Islam" u anti-multikulturnoj retorici političara i antropologa Zapadne Evrope: kongruencija ili koincidencija?” Etnoantropološki problemi 8 (4): 965-985. 10.21301/EAP.v8i4.4
Popper, Karl R. 1977. The Open Society and Its Enemies. Vol. 2: The High Tide of Prophecy: Hegel, Marx and the Aftermath. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Pothast, Emily. 2023. “Magic, Money, Ink, and Blood: Mediating the Social Body in the Case of Simon of Trent”. In Religious Dimensions of Conspiracy Theories: Comparing and Connecting Old and New Trends, edited by Francesco Piraino, Marco Pasi and Egil Asprem, 31-56. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Resnick, Irven M. 2024. “A Wet Nurse Debate: Jews, Christians, and Later Medieval 'Racism'”. Medieval Encounters 30: 465-504. 10.1163/15700674-12340194
Soyer, François. 2019. Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories in the Early Modern Iberian World. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
Sunstein, Cass R and Adrian Vermeule. 2008. “Conspiracy Theories”. SSRN Electronic Journal: 1-29. 10.2139/ssrn.1084585
Sutton, Robbie M. and Karen M. Douglas. 2020. “Conspiracy Theories and the Conspiracy Mindset: Implications for Political Ideology”. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences 34: 118–122. 10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.02.015
Thalmann, Katharina. 2019. The Stigmatization of Conspiracy Theory Since the 1950s. “A Plot to Make Us Look Foolish”. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Todorov, Cvetan. 2018. Strah od varvara: s one strane sudara civilizacija. Karpos: Loznica.
Todorov, Tzvetan. 2010. The Fear of Barbarians: Beyond the Clash of Civilizations. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Uscinski, Joseph E. ed. 2018. Conspiracy Theories and the People Who Believe Them. Oxford: Oxford Univerity Press.
Van Prooijen, Jan-Willem and Karen M. Douglas. 2017. “Conspiracy Theories as Part of History: The Role of Societal Crisis Situations”. Memory Studies, 10(3): 323–333. 10.1177/1750698017701615
West, Harry and Todd Sanders, (eds. 2003. Ethnographices of Suspiction in the New World Order. Duke University Press.
Zwierlein, Cornel. 2020. “Conspiracy Theories in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period”. In Routledge Handbook of Conspiracy Theories, edited by Michael Butter and Peter Knight, 542-544. London, New York: Routledge, Taylor&Francis Group.
Žižek, Slavoj. 2020. Pandemic! Covid-19 Shakes the World. New York: OR Books.
##submission.downloads##
Objavljeno
Kako citirati
Broj časopisa
Sekcija
Licenca
Ovaj rad je pod Creative Commons Autorstvo-Deli pod istim uslovima 4.0 Internacionalna licenca.
ERIH PLUS - European Reference Index for the Humanities
World Cat
AnthroSerbia
