Snalaženje između dihotomija i etiketa: Identifikacija i interpretacija ritualnih artefakata u praistoriji
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21301/eap.v20i3.5Ključne reči:
ritual, preistorija, erheološka teorija, ritualna tehnologija, LevantApstrakt
Ritualni artefakti pojavljuju se kao kategorija nalaza u brojnim arheološkim izveštajima sa iskopavanja od epipaleolita Levanta pa nadalje. Međutim, pitanje rituala i njegovih materijalnih ostataka i dalje je sporna tema u arheologiji. S jedne strane je sveprisutan osećaj da postoji zajednička, uglavnom implicitna, ideja o tome šta se očekuje od takvih artefakata. Oni se često ikonografski izdvajaju u odnosu na druge predmete u istom kulturnom kontekstu, proizvedeni su od dragocenih materijala, manje zastupljeni od predmeta namenjenih svakodnevnoj upotrebi. Iako se čini da je situacija donekle lakša ako govorimo o predmetima koji potiču iz formalnih religijskih celina, poput hramova, ova distinkcija od male je pomoći u praistoriji gde identifikacija hramova podleže istim problemima kao i identifikacija ritualnih pokretnih nalaza. Mada postoji opsežna arheološka teorija posvećena ritualnim praksama, njena primena u arheološkoj interpretaciji često izostaje. Cilj ovog rada jeste da premosti ovu podelu primenom koncepta ritualne tehnologije, koji nudi opipljive načine diskusije o ritualnom ponašanju u odnosu na materijalni zapis koji ostavlja za sobom, bez povlačenja jasne linije između onoga što se percipira kao ritualno i onoga što se percipira kao sekularno, bar u onom smislu u kom ta podela postoji u anglo-evropskim kulturama od vremena prosvetiteljstva pa naovamo. Primeri ritualnih tehnologija uzeti su iz arheološkog konteksta halkolitskog Levanta. Prvi primer je halkolitska metalurgija i metalni predmeti koje je ona proizvodila, a drugi proizvodnja i upotreba oslikanih oblutaka. Budući da je metalurgija kompleksna tehnološka aktivnost koja podrazumeva pribavljanje materijala sa velikih udaljenosti kao i specijalizovano tehnološko znanje potrebno za topljenje rude i livenje predmeta, dok su obluci nalaženi u suvajama nedaleko od naselja i oslikavani jednostavnim apstraktnim simbolima, ova dva posve različita primera odražavaju raznovrsnost ljudskog ponašanja u prošlosti koje je za cilj imalo postizanje rezultata specifičnih za kulturni kontekst u kome je ritual izvođen.
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